Resources
Health Effects
Ultrafine Particles: Issues Surrounding Diesel Retrofit Technologies for Particulate Matter Control
February 5, 2007
Phil Johnson and Paul J. Miller NESCAUM
(PDF, 16 pp., 354 KB, estimated download time: 2 min @ 56K)
Diesel Particulate Filters and Ultrafine Particles
December 2006
Northeast Diesel Collaborative
(PDF, 1 p., 50 KB, estimated download time: < 1 min @ 56K)
Ultrafines from Emission Control Devices: Results from the Real World
October 2006
Aniket Sawant, Ph.D.
Johnson Matthey Inc.
(PDF, 21 pp., 442 KB, estimated download time: 1 min @ 56K)
DPFs—Is There An Ultrafine Problem? CATF’s Investigations and Response
October 2006
L. Bruce Hill Ph.D., Senior Scientist
Clean Air Task Force
(PDF, 24 pp., 897 KB, estimated download time: 3 min @ 56K)
Health and Clean Air Newsletter - An Inconvenient Reality
Winter-Spring 2006
Health and Clean Air Newsletter Web Site
(PDF, 12 pp., 534 KB, estimated download time: 21 min @ 56K)
2005 Research Highlights: Health Effects of Particulate Matter and Ozone Air Pollution
January 2006
American Lung Association
(PDF, 19 pp., 357 KB, estimated download time: 1 min @ 56K)
Evaluating the Occupational and Environmental Impact of Nonroad Diesel Equipment in the Northeast
March 2004
NESCAUM
This evaluates the potential health risks from nonroad sources by monitoring selected hazardous air pollutant and particulate matter exposures in the cabin of operating nonroad diesel equipment and at the perimeter of the active work site.
(PDF, 55 pp., 553 KB, estimated download time: 2 min @ 56K)
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Presentations, Meetings, Seminars and Workshops
NEDC Goods Movement Work Group
by Guiselle Aldrete
September 17, 2008
This presentation covers lessons learned from ports about various technologies, emission reduction strategies, and what lies ahead for East Coast ports.
Massachusetts Maritime Academy Wind Turbine Project
July 2008
This presentation follows the construction of MMA's wind turbine from siting and design to installation and use, including who worked on it, what were challenges and potential problems, how the permitting process worked, and the costs and savings of having on-site wind power production.
Faster Freight - Cleaner Air East Coast Conference
New York City
July 8-10, 2008
The three-day conference featured general sessions, breakout sessions (tracks covering Marine, Rail, On-Road/Trucking, and Off-Road), Expo Hall, and off-site tours of the New York/New Jersey harbor. For the conference agenda and to download presentations, click here.
Short Sea Shipping Symposium
UMass Dartmouth
March 26-27, 2008
This two-day conference provided attendees with a broad overview of domestic Short Sea Shipping. Over 100 representatives from federal, state and local government agencies, consultants, shipping industry representatives, and environmental advocates participated in the discussions. For the conference agenda and to download presentations, click here.
New Hampshire Diesel Emissions Reduction Workshop
On April 7, the NH Department of Environmental Services and the Northeast Diesel Collaborative hosted a one-day workshop on strategies, tools, technologies, and incentives for reducing diesel emissions at universities, hospitals, and municipalities throughout the state. The workshop featured panel discussions on topics including: retrofits, idle reduction programs, alternative/cleaner fuels, permitting, voluntary incentives, and funding opportunities for diesel emissions reductions. For the agenda and presentations, click here >>
Rhode Island Diesel Emissions Reduction Workshop
On March 28, the RI Department of Environmental Management and the Northeast Diesel Collaborative hosted a one-day workshop on strategies, tools, technologies, and incentives for reducing diesel emissions at universities, hospitals, and municipalities throughout the state. The workshop featured panel discussions on topics including: retrofits, idle reduction programs, alternative/cleaner fuels, permitting, voluntary incentives, and funding opportunities for diesel emissions reductions. For the agenda and presentations, click here >>
Workshop on Innovative Funding for Clean Diesel Initiatives
On April 23 and 24, 2007, the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Diesel Collaboratives hosted a Workshop on Innovative Financing for Clean Diesel Initiatives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The two-day workshop included presentations on EPA's National Clean Diesel Campaign, State Infrastructure Banks, Small Business Administration Loans and CMAQ funding for diesel retrofits. For the workshop agenda, summary and presentations, click here >>
Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Program Implementation
November, 2006
US EPA New England
(PDF, 26 pp., 464 KB, estimated download time: 2 min @ 56K)
Diesel Retrofits: Today and Tomorrow Off-Road Experience
October 2006
NEDC Steering Committee Meeting
Marty Lassen
Johnson Matthey
(PDF, 24 pp., 1.85 MB, estimated download time: 5 min @ 56K)
Locomotive and Marine Emission Reduction
October 2006
NEDC Steering Committee Meeting
Tom Balon
MJ Bradley & Associates
(PDF, 27 pp., 2.23 MB, estimated download time: 6 min @ 56K)
FHWA Talking Freight Seminar Series
The U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration hosts monthly net-conference seminars
to provide a convenient and no-cost way for transportation practitioners
to broaden their freight knowledge base and develop new skills
to help them do their jobs better. Visit http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/freightplanning/talking.htm to register for upcoming sessions and see/hear recordings of
previous seminars.
New England Rail Expo
and Forum - March 28, 2006
The Northeast Diesel Collaborative
hosted a special seminar at the 2006 New England Rail Expo & Forum.
This seminar examined key issues facing railroad operators
today, including new and emerging technologies that can
save fuel and reduce emissions, a review of upcoming fuel
regulations and their effects on the rail industry in the
Northeast, funding opportunities including low interest
loans, an examination of New York Container Terminal's
choice to use on-dock hybrid locomotives, and the Port
Authority of New York & New Jersey's intensive capital
redevelopment on-dock and regional rail improvement program.
For the seminar agenda and presentations, click
here »
Northeast Clean Ports
Workshop - February 1, 2006
To enhance partnerships with
ports and reach out to port tenants in particular, the
NEDC hosted the Northeast Clean Ports Workshop in New York
City on February 1, 2006, as part of EPA’s Clean
Ports USA Initiative. For the conference summary and presentations, click here »
New England Railroad
Club Meeting - January 26, 2006
The New England Railroad
Club and NESCAUM, on behalf of the Northeast Diesel Collaborative,
organized a "green technologies" panel for the
annual "Mechanical Night" meeting of its members.
In early 2006, more than 100 members of the club gathered
for a panel on "Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions
with 'Green' Locomotive Technologies" that included
presentations on NEDC, fuels and technologies, and a retrofit
demonstration project with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation
Authority's commuter rail. For conference agenda and presentations, click here »
Northeast
Diesel Collaborative
National Clean Diesel Campaign Policy Leaders Summit
December 2005
Robert W. Varney, Regional Administrator EPA New England
PDF, 17 pp., 603 KB estimated download time: 2 min @
56K)
Northeast Diesel Collaborative Presentation
to Ozone Transportation Commission
November 2005
Arthur Marin, NESCAUM
(PDF, 18 pp., 1.33 MB estimated download time: 4 min @
56K)
Northeast
Diesel Collaborative Overview
August 2005
(PDF, 13 pp., 479 KB, estimated download time: 1 min @ 56K)
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State Legislation and Plans
Connecticut Clean School Bus Legislation (2007): Effective July 1, 2007, the Connecticut legislature passed a bill, SB1500, requiring school buses statewide to be retrofitted with advanced pollution control devices no later than September 1, 2010. However, subsection (b) of section 17 states, "The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall not apply if the procurement contracts developed pursuant to subsection (c) of this section fail to establish a price level for the purchase, installation and warranty of a closed crankcase filtration system, and either a level 1device, level 2 device or level 3 device in each type of full-sized school bus that is equivalent to or less than the grant amount for such emissions control device specified in subsection (a) of section 19 of this act."
Connecticut Clean Diesel Plan: On June 24, 2005, Governor
Rell signed Special Act 05-07 requiring DEP to develop a diesel
mitigation plan for submission to the General Assembly by January
15, 2006. Special Act 05-07 directs the DEP to develop a clean
diesel mitigation strategy that will reduce fine particulate
matter diesel emissions in the state. To access the final
report, please visit: http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/air/diesel/docs/ctcleandieselplanfinal.pdf
New Jersey Diesel Law: On September 7, 2005, then Acting
Governor Codey signed into law a bill that would establish a
program to cut exposure to harmful diesel soot emissions in school
buses and to reduce diesel soot from garbage trucks, transit
buses and publicly owned on-road and off-road diesel vehicles
and equipment. On November 8, 2005, voters approved Ballot
Question #2, a constitutional amendment that will fund the diesel
program and will be paid for with a portion of revenue from the
existing Corporate Business Tax. For more information,
please visit: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stopthesoot/factsheet-diesellawmuni.pdf
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Reports and Guidance Documents
MARAMA Report on the Mid-Atlantic Truck Engine Idle Reduction Technology Demonstration Program
The Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) working in partnership with the air quality small business assistance programs in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia developed the Mid-Atlantic Regional Small Business Anti-Idling Initiative. This effort provided support for the purchase and installation of anti-idling technology by independent truckers and small transport companies that qualify as small businesses (operating less than 50 trucks) located within two Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region III states, Delaware and Pennsylvania. The project produced data on the effectiveness of auxiliary power units (APU) in reducing idling emissions.
EPA New England Options for the Marine Ports Sector: Green Strategies for Sustainable Ports
This document provides marine port authorities and terminal operators with an overview of strategies that can be implemented to reduce air emissions from daily operations. These strategies are organized to provide a tiered approach to "greening port operations" based on cost and existing infrastructure, beginning with low cost/no cost strategies.
State & Local Toolkit: A Guide to Building Clean Diesel Programs
This toolkit is a compilation of examples and procedures designed to help state, regional, and local governments improve air quality and public health through diesel engine emission reduction efforts, particularly for those states and localities participating in the National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC) State Grant Program and/or the National Clean Diesel Funding Assistance Program.
NEDC Diesel Emissions Reduction Toolkit for Colleges/Universities, Hospitals, and Municipalities
The Northeast Diesel Collaborative developed the Diesel Emissions Reduction Toolkit to provide stakeholders access to one-stop-shopping for resources to implement clean diesel strategies. To recommend additional resources for the Toolkit, please contact: hatic.halida@epa.gov.
Diesel Engine Retrofits in the Construction Industry: A How To Guide
In January 2008, the Massachusetts Department of Environmnental Protection issued a comprehensive "how to" guide for retrofiting diesel construction equipment with advanced pollution control technologies. The 56 page document includes the following: an overview of the health and air quality concerns associated with diesel pollution, the Massachusetts state agency construction retrofit requirements, available retrofit technologies, a retrofit "roadmap", and case studies of successful projects. To download the guidance document, click here »
Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment (October 2007)
An international team of leading researchers, led by Dr. James Corbett of the University of Delaware, USA, and by Dr. James Winebrake of the Rochester Institute of Technology, USA conducted the study released by the American Chemical Society journal, Envirionmental Science & Technology. It was commissioned in part by the Clean Air Task Force with support from the Oak Foundation. The study estimated that the global death toll in 2002 from particulate air pollution emitted by oceangoing ships was some 60,000 premature deaths per year. And the shipping death toll is estimated to grow by 40% by 2012 along with a continued large increase in global trade and shipping traffic. Europe and Asia are particularly affected—about 1/3 of all shipping deaths occur in Europe, and about ¼ in each of East Asia and South Asia.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Heavy-Duty Diesel Retrofits and Other Mobile Source Emission Reduction Projects and Programs (Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2007)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Transportation and Air Quality prepared a report that provides estimates of emissions reductions and cost effectiveness of retrofit technologies and other mobile source measures. The document focuses on CMAQ-eligible projects and encourages agencies to consider cost effectiveness, air quality and health effects when deciding how to invest air quality resources.
Diesel Retrofit Technology: An Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of Reducing Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Heavy-Duty Nonroad Diesel Engines Through Retrofits (Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2007)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Transportation and Air Quality prepared a technical analysis of the cost effectiveness of retrofitting existing heavy-duty diesel nonroad engines to reduce particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This report demonstrates how nonroad diesel retrofits can be a cost effective strategy for reducing air pollutants. It expands on an earlier analysis and previous technical report on retrofit cost effectiveness by analyzing more nonroad applications and estimating the cost effectiveness of various NOx strategies.
A Guide to Understanding and Accessing the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Program (Diesel Technology Forum, April 2007)
The CMAQ Program is quite complex, which when added to the variability of its administration from state to state, makes it extremely difficult to assess the process and prospects for competing for these funds. The Diesel Technology Forum, with assistance from the Emissions Control Technology Association, has written this guide to assist those wishing to learn more about the potential funding opportunities available under this program. Includes case studies, insight into CMAQ's administration, and suggestions on how to increase the competitiveness of diesel retrofit applications.
No Escape from Diesel Exhaust: How to Reduce Commuter Exposure (Clean Air Task Force 2007)
The Clean Air Task Force (CATF) investigated the levels of diesel particles during commutes in several cities. They found that regardless of how you get to work, there is no escape from exposure to diesel exhaust, and that pollution levels measured inside cars, buses, and trains during commutes were many times greater than levels in the outdoor air in these cities at that same time. The combined weight of scientific evidence from this new CATF diesel exposure study along with the existing medical studies supports the conclusion that exposure to diesel exhaust during commutes poses a serious public health risk that needs to be addressed.
Compendium of Current State Idling Regulations (American Transportation Research Insitute, December 2006)
The American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) publishes a compendium of current idling regulations by state, which is provided for free in two different PDF formats -- the original compendium listing and as a foldable cab card for quick reference. ATRI updates the compendium regularly.
Recommendations for Reducing Emissions from the Legacy Diesel Fleet
Report from the (Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, April 10, 2006)
The Clean Diesel Retrofit Work Group was formed in 2004 under the auspices of the EPA Clean Air Act Advisory Committee (CAAAC). The Work Group consists of over forty members representing diverse stakeholders. It is organized under four main sectors by application: school buses, ports, freight, and construction. EPA determined these sectors to have the greatest need and potential for achieving emission reductions, based on the number and types of engines as well as exposed populations and predicted sector growth.
This report covers incentives, mandates and technologies for the above-mentioned sectors, as well as reviews health and environmental considerations and key recommendations made by the committee.
Emission Reduction Incentives for Off-Road Diesel Equipment Used in the Port and Construction Sectors (ICF/EPA 2005)
This report describes and assesses incentive programs to reduce emissions from off-road diesel engines used in the construction industry and port sector. The report focuses primarily on grant programs, tax incentives, modified contracting procedures, and non-monetary incentives implemented at the federal, state, regional, and local level.
NREL Study Compares Hybrid vs. CNG Transit Buses
NREL has published the final version of a study comparing 10 new compressed natural gas (CNG) and next-generation diesel series-hybrid electric bus propulsion systems operated at New York City Transit (NYCT) against a baseline of conventional diesel buses. The DOE laboratory report is part of a series of evaluations from NREL that track and evaluate new propulsion systems in transit buses and trucks. The buses evaluated in the study were the original 10 proto-type diesel-hybrid buses from Orion and BAE Systems (model Orion VI buses) operated at NYCT. That evaluation was the subject of a July 2002 report and provided results from the prototype buses from 1998 through 2001. This report focuses on 10 new compressed natural gas (CNG) buses and hybrid propulsion systems. This report describes the evaluation results for new Orion VII low floor buses at NYCT with CNG propulsion (equipped with Detroit Diesel Corporation Series 50G CNG engine) and new hybrid propulsion (equipped with BAE Systems’ HybriDrive propulsion system). These final results represent a 12-month evaluation of these two groups of buses (October 2004 through September 2005). The buses evaluated are the same age, the same bus platform, have been operated on similar duty cycles, and experienced similar maintenance practices.
Conclusions of the report include:
- Hybrid-diesel buses showed an increase of 37 percent in fuel economy compared to standard diesel-powered buses and 88 percent compared to CNG buses.
- Maintenance costs for hybrids were 5 percent lower than CNG buses.
- Emissions from the diesel hybrids were 90 percent lower for particulate matter, 40 percent lower for NOx, and 30 percent fewer greenhouse gases.
- Drivers like the increased torque of the hybrid for help in accelerating and hill climbing.
The complete report can be found at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleettest/pdfs/40125.pdf.
Retrofitting America's Diesel Engines: A Guide to Cleaner Air Through Cleaner Diesel
This Diesel Technology Forum (DTF) paper provides a primer on potential strategies for upgrading existing diesel engines in both on- and off-road equipment. It does so by focusing on four fundamental factors that affect the rate and extent of our national diesel fleet transformation:
- the emissions benefits realized with new diesel technology;
- methods for upgrading emissions performance – rebuilding, refueling, repowering, retrofitting and replacing;
- elements of successful projects, including cost-effectiveness; and
- availability of financial assistance for diesel retrofits at the federal and state level.
Scoping Study to Evaluate Locomotive Emissions Operating in New Haven, Connecticut and Potential Control Options (NESCAUM, June 2006)
The locomotive fleet in and around New Haven, Connecticut includes line-haul freight, commuter, intercity rail, and switch locomotives. To better characterize pollution from locomotives operating in and around New Haven, NESCAUM has developed a preliminary inventory of locomotive emissions in the New Haven area, and has evaluated potential control options to reduce locomotive pollution. This report presents the findings of this work and focuses on emissions in New Haven and Fairfield since most of the rail activity in Connecticut takes place in these two densely populated counties.
Scoping
Study to Evaluate the Emissions of Harbor Craft Operating
in Boston Harbor and Potential Control Options (NESCAUM,
April 2006)
To better characterize pollutants emanating from Boston harbor's
commercial fleet, the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use
Management (NESCAUM) developed a preliminary inventory of emissions
from passenger ferries, tour boats, tugboats, military craft,
and other vessels, which are collectively known as "harbor
craft." The report, "Scoping Study to Evaluate
the Emissions of Harbor Craft Operating in Boston Harbor and
Potential Control Options" summarizes the findings and provides
preliminary information to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection for its consideration of emissions reduction strategies.
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (Draft)
The San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Draft Plan was developed
jointly by the Port of Los Angeles, and the Port of Long Beach.
This plan is the first of its kind in the country and seeks to
significantly reduce the health risks posed by air pollution
from port-related ships, trains, trucks, terminal equipment and
harbor craft.
For more information and to download the draft Action Plan,
please visit: http://www.polb.com/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=68
Diesel
Retrofits: Quantifying and Using Their Benefits in SIPs and
Conformity -- Guidance for State and Local Air and Transportation
Agencies (June 2006)
This document provides guidance on quantifying and using emission
reductions from highway and nonroad diesel vehicles, engines,
and equipment that have been retrofitted. The guidance discusses
how emission reductions from diesel retrofit projects can be
used in a SIP and in transportation conformity and general conformity
determinations.
For a fact sheet and to download the guidance
document, please visit: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/policy.htm#retrofit
Model State Idling Law (April 2006)
To help facilitate more
consistent, effective state truck idling laws, EPA has developed
a model that states can consider adopting to help strengthen
idling reduction efforts, reduce fuel consumption and improve
industry compliance. Reducing idling conserves energy, helps
the environment and saves industry money. Each year, truck idling
consumes over one billion gallons of diesel fuel, resulting in
the emission of 11 million tons of carbon dioxide, over 180,000
tons of nitrogen oxides, as well as emission of fine particulate
matter and other air toxics. The model is based on input from
workshops EPA held across the country in 2005 with the trucking
industry, states, and environmental and health groups.
For more
information and to download a copy of the model law, please visit:
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/420s06001.pdf
EPA National-scale Assessment of 1999 Air
Toxic Emissions
In February 2006, EPA released the results of its national-scale
assessment of 1999 air toxics emissions. The purpose of the national-scale
assessment is to identify and prioritize air toxics, emission
source types and locations which are of greatest potential concern
in terms of contributing to population risk. EPA uses the results
of these assessments in many ways, including:
to work with communities in designing their own local-scale
assessments,
to set priorities for improving data in emissions inventories,
and
to help direct priorities for expanding and improving the network
of air toxics monitoring.
For more information, please visit: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/
The Burden of Asthma in New England (March
2006)
Asthma is a lung disease that, if not treated, can cause permanent
lung damage, disability and sometimes even death. An asthma attack
is what happens when the airways narrow, in response to a "trigger",
making it difficult to breathe. Attacks usually occur in reaction
to allergens, certain air pollutants or weather conditions, respiratory
illnesses such as a cold or flu, or even stress.
This report highlights how asthma affects adults, children and
families living in New England. It is a summary of the results
from the National Survey of Children's Health, 2003 and the 2004
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
For more information, download the following PDF: http://www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/documents/TheBurdenofAsthmainNewEnglandMarch2006.pdf
Technical Report: "Diesel Retrofit Technology: An Analysis
of the Cost Effectiveness of Reducing Particulate Matter Emissions
from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Through Retrofits" (EPA420-S-06-002,
March 2006)
EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality evaluated the
costs and emissions benefits of retrofitting school buses, freight
trucks and bulldozers with diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs)
and catalyzed diesel particulate filters (CDPFs). EPA calculated
that the cost effectiveness for both DOC and CDPF retrofits ranged
from $11,100 to $69,000 per ton of particulate matter (PM) reduced
for engines in school buses, Class 6&7 heavy-duty highway
trucks and Class 8b trucks (commonly used to transport freight
long distances). As a nonroad example, DOC retrofits for 250
hp bulldozers ranged from $18,100 to $49,700 per ton of PM reduced.
The findings from this study indicate that retrofits can be a
cost effective way to reduce air pollution. To access the full
report, please visit: http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/publications.htm
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Alternative Fuels
MA Executive Order on Biofuels
The Executive Office for Administration and Finance (A&F) has determined that, given the rising costs of imported oil, the price volatility and infrastructure vulnerability of these imports, the local and global air pollution released, and the millions of dollars spent each year to refuel state vehicles and purchase #2 heating oil for state buildings, and in keeping with the Administration’s commitment to long-term cost containment, energy efficiency, improved public health and natural resource conservation, all executive agency vehicle fleets and #2 heating oil boilers should phase in the use of biofuels to replace petroleum-based fuels.
Technical Report: Experimental Trial Using Biodiesel Fuel in Heavy Fleet Vehicles (Maine Department of Transportation - Transportation Research Division, May 2004)
From July 2003 to April 2003, Maine DOT used a blend containing 20% of biodiesel fuel (B20) in five pieces of mobile equipment and in two furnaces at the Freeport Maintenance Facility, in lieu of conventional diesel fuel. This study found that biodiesel costs 40 to 50 cents more per gallon than conventional diesel.
To access the full report, click here >>
Maine Department of Transportation letter to Transportation Providers (October 2006)
On October 19, 2006 the Maine Department of Transportation, Office of Passenger Transportation (DOT/OPT) sent a letter to transportation providers in the state advocating the use of biodiesel in diesel powered buses.
To view the letter, click here>>
States Take the Lead by Developing Alternative Fuel Policies (U.S. Department of Energy, August 2006)
Biofuels incentives in Ohio, state tax credits for truck stop electrification in Washington, a hybrid rebate program in Pennsylvania. A clear trend is emerging and states are becoming key to implementing alternative fuel and advanced transportation policies. For more information, please visit: http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/ccn/progs/story.php/WHATS_NEW/635
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